Male infertility is the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse. It stems from abnormalities in sperm production, function, or transport.
🔹 Key Causes
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Sperm Abnormalities: Low count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology.
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Hormonal Disorders: Imbalances in Testosterone, Prolactin, or Thyroid hormones.
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Structural Issues: Varicocele or obstruction of the sperm transport ducts.
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Genetics: Congenital factors that may not appear in routine karyotype or Y-chromosome testing.
🔹 Diagnosis & Evaluation
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Semen Analysis: Performed at least twice for accuracy.
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Hormonal Profile: Checking FSH, LH, and Testosterone.
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Scrotal Ultrasound: A routine investigation to detect varicocele and assess testicular volume.
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Clinical Examination: Physical assessment of reproductive anatomy.
🔹 Clinical Classifications & Treatments
| Condition | Description | Primary Treatment |
| Oligoasthenospermia | Low count & poor motility | Lifestyle changes, antioxidants, or Microsurgical Varicocelectomy. |
| Obstructive Azoospermia | Zero sperm due to blockage | Surgical reconstruction or sperm retrieval + ICSI. |
| Non-Obstructive Azoospermia | Zero sperm due to production failure | Hormonal optimization or Micro-TESE surgery. |
📍 Key Summary
Male infertility is a manageable condition. Early, accurate diagnosis leads to tailored treatments—from lifestyle adjustments to advanced microsurgery—significantly increasing the chances of a successful pregnancy.
